Esther Dyson has spent decades studying technology, business, and the ways both affect society. But she doesn’t consider herself a futurist. As she explains on this episode of Keep Going, she’s more interested in understanding the present and helping people change what comes next.

Dyson, whose forthcoming book In Defense of Limits: Human Time and AI Scale examines the relationship between human life and technological growth, believes that American society has become increasingly focused on making money rather than creating value. People see enormous fortunes being made through cryptocurrency, financial speculation, and technology companies while ordinary workers struggle to get by. The result is a growing sense that the system is unfair and that individual effort no longer matters.

One of Dyson’s central concerns is what she calls “information diabetes.” Just as processed food can damage physical health, she argues that a constant stream of simplified, fragmented information can damage our ability to think critically. AI-generated summaries, social media feeds, and business presentations filled with impressive numbers but little context encourage people to consume information without understanding it.

She sees a similar problem in what she calls “money diabetes,” the accumulation of wealth through systems that extract money from other people’s activities without producing much value themselves. The problem isn’t capitalism itself, she argues, but a culture that increasingly treats financial success as proof that something is worthwhile.

That concern extends to artificial intelligence. Dyson is less worried about machines becoming powerful enough to destroy humanity than about companies using AI to keep people dependent on their products. “I’m not worried about predatory AI, I’m worried about parasitic AI,” she says. These systems don’t need to destroy their users. They simply need to keep collecting small amounts of money, time, and attention from them.

The conversation also turns to the growing loss of human agency. Dyson compares modern society to the social structure of medieval Europe, where a small ruling class held most of the power while ordinary people had little control over their lives. Today, she argues, many people feel similarly powerless in the face of governments, technology companies, and financial institutions.

One possible response is what Dyson calls universal basic service. Rather than simply giving people money, she proposes a period of paid public service for young adults. Participants could work in parks, schools, public facilities, or other community settings, gaining experience while working alongside people from different backgrounds. The goal would be to restore a sense of shared responsibility and remind people that their time and attention have real value.

Dyson also questions the modern obsession with eliminating friction from everyday life. Technology companies promise to make everything faster, easier, and more efficient, but not every difficult experience needs to be removed. Building relationships, raising children, learning new skills, and helping other people all require effort. That effort is often what makes those experiences meaningful.

Despite her concerns, Dyson remains hopeful. She believes people are beginning to recognize the costs of systems that put growth and profit ahead of human well-being. Parents are questioning the effects of social media on their children, communities are demanding more control over decisions that affect them, and governments are slowly responding.

When asked why people should still have hope, Dyson offers a simple answer: “because we’re still fighting.”

For Dyson, progress isn’t about reaching a perfect future where every problem has been solved. It’s about doing useful work, making things better for other people, and passing that work along to the next generation. No individual can fix everything, but everyone can contribute to something worthwhile.

In this episode of Keep Going, we talk about AI, cryptocurrency, inequality, public service, the value of human connection, and why the effort to improve the world matters more than any promise of a perfect future.